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- about 14,000,000 km²; land area: about 14,000,000 km²
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- Comparative area: slightly less than 1.5 times the size of the US;
- second-smallest continent (after Australia)
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- Land boundaries: see entry on Disputes
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- Coastline: 17,968 km
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- Maritime claims: see entry on Disputes
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- Disputes: Antarctic Treaty suspends all claims; sections (some
- overlapping) claimed by Argentina, Australia, Chile, France (Adelie Land),
- New Zealand (Ross Dependency), Norway (Queen Maud Land), and UK; Brazil
- claims a Zone of Interest; the US and USSR do not recognize the territorial
- claims of other nations and have made no claims themselves (but reserve the
- right to do so); no formal claims have been made in the sector between 90°
- west and 150° west
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- Climate: severe low temperatures vary with latitude, elevation, and
- distance from the ocean; East Antarctica colder than Antarctic Peninsula in
- the west; warmest temperatures occur in January along the coast and average
- slightly below freezing
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- Terrain: about 98% thick continental ice sheet, with average elevations
- between 2,000 and 4,000 meters; mountain ranges up to 5,000 meters high;
- ice-free coastal areas include parts of southern Victoria Land, Wilkes Land,
- and the scientific research areas of Graham Land and Ross Island on McMurdo
- Sound; glaciers form ice shelves along about half of coastline
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- Natural resources: coal and iron ore; chromium, copper, gold, nickel,
- platinum, and hydrocarbons have been found in small quantities along the
- coast; offshore deposits of oil and gas
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- Land use: 0% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 0% meadows and pastures;
- 0% forest and woodland; 100% other (98% ice, 2% barren rock)
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- Environment: mostly uninhabitable; katabatic (gravity) winds blow
- coastward from the high interior; frequent blizzards form near the foot of
- the plateau; cyclonic storms form over the ocean and move clockwise around
- the coast; during summer more solar radiation reaches the surface at the
- South Pole than is received at the Equator in an equivalent period; in
- October 1987 it was reported that the ozone shield, which protects the
- Earth's surface from harmful ultraviolet radiation, has dwindled to its
- lowest level ever over Antarctica; subject to active volcanism (Deception
- Island)
- Note: the coldest continent
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- █ ≡ People ≡ █
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- Population: no indigenous inhabitants; staffing of research stations
- varies seasonally;
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- Summer (January) population--3,330; Argentina 179, Australia 216,
- Brazil 36, Chile 124, China 62, France 46, FRG 9, GDR 15, India 59,
- Italy 121, Japan 52, NZ 251, Poland 19, South Africa 102, South
- Korea 17, UK 72, Uruguay 47, US 1,250, USSR 653 (1986-87);
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- Winter (July) population--1,148 total; Argentina 149, Australia
- 82, Brazil 11, Chile 59, China 16, France 32, FRG 9, GDR 9, India 17,
- Japan 37, NZ 11, Poland 19, South Africa 15, UK 61, Uruguay 10, US 242,
- USSR 369 (1986-87);
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- Year-round stations--43 total; Argentina 7, Australia 3, Brazil 1,
- Chile 3, China 1, France 1, FRG 1, GDR 1, India 1, Japan 2, NZ 1,
- Poland 1, South Africa 1, South Korea 1, UK 6, Uruguay 1, US 3, USSR 8
- (1986-87);
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- Summer only stations--26 total; Argentina 3, Australia 3, Chile 4,
- Italy 1, Japan 1, NZ 2, South Africa 2, US 4, USSR 6 (1986-87)
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- █ ≡ Government ≡ █
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- Long-form name: none
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- Type: The Antarctic Treaty, signed on 1 December 1959 and entered into
- force on 23 June 1961, established, for at least 30 years, a legal framework
- for peaceful use, scientific research, and suspension of territorial claims.
- Administration is carried out through consultative member meetings--the 14th
- and last meeting was held in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil) in October 1987.
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- Consultative (voting) members include claimant nations (they claim portions
- of Antarctica as national territory and some claims overlap) and nonclaimant
- nations (they have made no claims to Antarctic territory, although the US &
- USSR have reserved the right to do so and do not recognize the claims of
- others); the year in parentheses indicates when an acceding nation was voted
- to full consultative (voting) status, while no date indicates an original
- 1959 treaty signatory. Claimant nations are--Argentina, Australia, Chile,
- France, New Zealand, Norway, and the UK. Nonclaimant nations are--Belgium,
- Brazil (1983), China (1985), FRG (1981), GDR (1987), India (1983), Italy
- (1987), Japan, Poland (1977), South Africa, Uruguay (1985), US, and the
- USSR.
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- Acceding (nonvoting) members, with year of accession in parenthesis,
- are--Austria (1987), Bulgaria (1978), Cuba (1984), Czechoslovakia (1962),
- Denmark (1965), Finland (1984), Greece (1987), Hungary (1984),
- Netherlands (1987), North Korea (1987), Papua New Guinea (1981),
- Peru (1981), Romania (1971), South Korea (1986), Spain (1982), and Sweden
- (1984).
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- Antarctic Treaty Summary: Article 1--area to be used for peaceful purposes
- only and military activity, such as weapons testing, is prohibited, but
- military personnel and equipment may be used for scientific purposes;
- Article 2--freedom of scientific investigation and cooperation shall
- continue; Article 3--free exchange of information and personnel;
- Article 4--does not recognize, dispute, or establish territorial claims and
- no new claims shall be asserted while the treaty is in force;
- Article 5--prohibits nuclear explosions or disposal of radioactive wastes;
- Article 6--includes under the treaty all land and ice shelves south of 60°
- 00' south, but that the water areas be covered by international law; Article
- 7--treaty-state observers have free access, including aerial observation, to
- any area and may inspect all stations, equipment; advance notice of all
- activities and the introduction of installations, and military personnel
- must be given; Article 8--allows for jurisdiction over observers and
- scientists by their own states; Article 9--frequent consultative meetings
- take place among member nations and acceding nations given consultative
- status; Article 10--treaty states will discourage activities by any country
- in Antarctica that are contrary to the treaty; Article 11--disputes to be
- settled peacefully by the parties concerned or, ultimately, by the ICJ;
- Articles 12, 13, 14--deal with upholding, interpreting, and amending the
- treaty among involved nations.
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- Other agreements: Convention on the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living
- Resources; Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals; a mineral
- resources agreement is currently undergoing ratification by the Antarctic
- Treaty consultative parties
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- █ ≡ Economy ≡ █
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- Overview: No economic activity at present except for fishing off
- the coast and small-scale tourism, both based abroad. Exploitation of
- mineral resources will be held back by technical difficulties, high
- costs, and objections by environmentalists.
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- █ ≡ Communications ≡ █
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- Airports: 39 total; 25 usable; none with permanent surface runways;
- 3 with runways over 3,659 m; 6 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 4 with
- runways 1,220-2,439 m
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- Ports: none; offshore anchorage only
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- █ ≡ Defense Forces ≡ █
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- Note: none; Article 7 of the Antarctic Treaty states that advance notice
- of all activities and the introduction of military personnel must be given